Formulations and methods for control of weedy species

ABSTRACT

A formulation is provided for application to a host plant to reduce, inhibit or impair one or more of growth and development of the host plant. A method of inhibiting growth plant growth and development is also provided as a means of controlling weedy species. The method comprises: selecting a suitable gene for growth suppression in a target plant; identifying an at least one target site accessible to base pairing in the suitable gene; identifying an at least one divergent site in the at least one target site; designing a construct complementary to the at least one divergent site; adding an at least one RNAi inducer to the construct; and delivering the construct to the target plant.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present technology is directed to a formulation and a method forcontrolling growth of plant species. More specifically, it is aformulation comprising a targeting construct and RNAi inducer to producesmall interfering RNAs for use in non-stable expression in weedy plantspecies. Targeting constructs are designed to target endogenous genes inthe weedy species while having no effect in off-target species.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

The impact of invasive and pest plant species has been called an“invisible tax” on our environment and economy. With ever increasingglobal transportation and travel has come an unprecedented spread ofinvasive and noxious plant species throughout the world. These weedsadapt quickly to new environments and go largely unchallenged by localflora and fauna. Many are unreachable by or have developed resistance toconventional control techniques. Invasive species cause direct economiclosses in sectors such as forestry, ranching, and agriculture.

The current strategies for invasive species management consist of theapplication of different combinations of chemical herbicides andphysical removal, coupled with bio-control techniques as available. Theavailable chemicals are often toxic to a wide array of native plants,animals and insects and can have negative consequences for human health.Many cannot be used in riparian or aquatic environments as the compoundswould quickly spread. In addition, they have a limited half-life andefficacy and must be reapplied year after year. Bio-control and physicalremoval are costly and labour intensive requiring large investments andagain, often resulting in collateral damage to other organisms. Someinvasive pest plants are now so well established that they are widelyconsidered impossible to remove by any available technique, for example,Eurasian Milfoil. Others, having been subjected to years of treatmentwith chemicals, have developed resistance to them.

In an attempt to target the species of interest and reduce the damagedone by spraying with broad spectrum herbicides, U.S. Pat. No. 7,805,884discloses an injector system for injecting a dose of weed-killing fluidinto the stem of a Japanese knotweed, including a fluid dispenser systemwith a fluid passage, a collared needle with a fluid delivery aperturein communication with the fluid dispenser system, and an actuatorconnected to the fluid dispenser system for actuating the transmissionof fluid from the fluid dispenser system to the fluid delivery aperture.This employs chemical herbicides.

Control of insect pests is largely through the use of chemicalinsecticides. Some biological control methods also exist, for example,the use of pheromones in insect traps. These are relatively labourintensive as the traps have to be baited, set and removed.

Another example of biological control is the use of Bacillusthuringiensis toxin. It can be provided as a spray or produced intransgenic plants. In transgenic plants, the gene or genes are expressedin the plant, the plant produces the toxin, the foraging insect ingeststhe plant material and is killed. One could argue that these arequasi-chemical control methods, as toxic chemicals are still beingproduced and used to kill the insect pests.

Rather than using toxins, U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,819 provides methods forgenetic control of insect infestations in plants and compositionsthereof by inhibiting one or more biological functions by feeding one ormore recombinant double stranded RNA molecules to the insect pest. Thisreportedly results in a reduction in pest infestation throughsuppression of gene expression.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,604 discloses methods and materials for conferringinsect pest resistance to plants and controlling parasitic plant pests.Plants are stably transformed with a silencing construct homologous to agene of a plant pest that is essential for the survival, development, orpathogenicity of the pest. This results in the plant producing RNAinterference (RNAi), specifically short interfering RNA (siRNA) to theselected gene, which, when ingested by the insect pest results insilencing of the gene and a subsequent reduction of the pest's abilityto harm the plant. In other embodiments, the pest's reduced ability toharm the plant is passed on to pest progeny. It is also suggested thatparasitic plants pests, for example striga, dodder and mistletoe canalso be controlled by stably transforming plants with a silencingconstruct homologous to a gene of the parasitic plant that is essentialfor survival or development.

Without being bound by theory, RNA interference (RNAi) is considered tobe an ancient defense mechanism wherein the host organism recognizes asforeign a double-stranded RNA molecule and hydrolyzes it. The resultinghydrolysis products are small RNA fragments of 21-30 nucleotides inlength, called siRNAs. The siRNAs then diffuse or are carried throughoutthe host, where they hybridize to the complementary Viral RNA orcomplementary endogenous polynucleotide sequences where they act asguides for RISC mediated hydrolysis and thus knock-down ordysregulation.

For example, the different Dicer-Like proteins (DCL) of Arabidopsiscleave dsRNA molecules into different sized (21-25nt) small dsRNAproducts depending on which DCL is processing them. Arabidopsis encodes10 Argonaute proteins (AGOI-10) which bind these small RNAs and, as apart of RISC, elicit different effects depending on which AGO the smallRNA has been recruited into and the size of the recruited small RNA.AGOI is largely responsible for the miRNA pathway and also posttranscriptional gene silencing. The pathway it is involved in has beenshown to result in both targeted degradation of mRNAs and transitivity(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) dependent generation of 2° siRNAproducts and amplification of the initial signal). It has previouslybeen found that AGOI prefers to recruit small dsRNAs that are 21nt inlength with a 2nt, 3′ overhang on each end and will prefer sequenceswith a 5′ terminal U as the guide strand (the strand that is responsiblefor guiding complementary base pairing to a target mRNA sequence) (Mi etal. 2008. Sorting of small RNAs into Arabidopsis Argonaute Complexes IsDirected by the 5′ Terminal Nucleotide. DOI 10.1016lj.cell.2008.02.034.)

A species-specific herbicide that can be used to kill, weaken or impairgrowth of a weed species is needed. This is accomplished through miRNA,siRNA, DNA, or single- or double-stranded RNA designed to elicit an RNAiresponse that spreads systemically once inside a plant cell (RNAiPayload). The RNAi inducer elements cause the payload to be processedproducing siRNAs. A region of the RNAi payload contains sequencecomplementary to endogenous target genes (Targeting construct). siRNAsproduced from this region direct the knock-down of those genes leadingto cell death.This knock-down is strengthened by RdRP mediatedtransitivity, phasing, and systemic spread. The result is a herbicidethat can be tuned to affect any number of plant species.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present technology provides a non-chemical herbicide that can beused to kill, weaken or impair growth of weedy species. In general, theformulation is for application to a host plant to reduce, inhibit orimpair one or more of growth and development of the host plant. Theformulation comprises an interfering Ribonucleic Acid (RNAi) payload,and at least one of a liquid carrier, a surfactant, a binder andtackifier, a thickener, a colourant, a spreader, an antifreezing agent,a sticker, an anticaking agent, a stabilizer, a disintegrator, anemulsifier, a synergistic compound, an abrasive, an emulsifier, apenetrating agent and a preservative.

In the formulation, the RNAi payload may comprise an at least onesequence specific to the host plant.

The RNAi payload comprises at least 20 contiguous nucleotides of atleast one sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1 to66.

The formulation may comprise an RNAi payload, the liquid carrier and thesurfactant. It may further comprise the abrasive and still furthercomprise a synergistic compound.

The formulation is in an exemplary embodiment, for stem injection, andcomprises the liquid carrier and the penetrating agent.

A method of inhibiting or impairing plant growth and development is alsoprovided. The method comprises delivering a formulation to a host plant,by spraying, imbibing, irrigating, or injecting the formulation, theformulation comprising an interfering Ribonucleic Acid (RNAi) payload,an at least one of a liquid carrier, a surfactant, a binder andtackifier, a thickener, a colourant, a spreader, an antifreezing agent,a sticker, an anticaking agent, a stabilizer, a disintegrator, anemulsifier, a synergistic compound, an abrasive, an emulsifier, apenetrating agent and a preservative, thereby inhibiting or impairinggrowth and development. The method comprises delivering the formulationto at least one of a leaf, a root, a stem, a petiole, a seed and acotyledon. The RNAi payload may comprise a sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 66.

The method comprises injecting the stem or petiole or spraying the hostplant.

The method further comprises inducing expression of any of SEQ ID NOs 7,8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 thereby producing any of SEQ ID NOs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,and 6.

A method of weed control is also provided, the method comprising:

-   -   selecting a weed plant species to be controlled;    -   synthesizing or obtaining at least one RNAi or RNAi encoding        sequence;    -   formulating a species-specific RNAi payload; and    -   delivering the species-specific RNAi payload to the weed plant        species while minimally impacting an at least one other plant        species.

The RNAi payload comprises at least 20 contiguous nucleotides from orcomplementary to one or more of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 66.

The method may involve spraying the weed plant species or injecting theweed plant species

A method of designing a species-specific construct for RNAi suppressionof growth of a target plant species is also provided, the methodcomprising the steps of:

-   -   selecting a suitable gene for growth suppression;    -   identifying an at least one target site accessible to base        pairing in the suitable gene; identifying an at least one        divergent site in the at least one target site;    -   designing a construct complementary to the at least one        divergent site; and    -   adding an at least one RNAi inducer element to the construct,        thereby designing a species-specific gene construct for siRNA        suppression of growth of the target plant species.    -   The method may further comprise adding an at least one helper        sequence to the species specific gene construct.    -   The method may further comprise sequencing an at least one gene        from the target plant to select the suitable gene.    -   In the method, the construct may include any one of SEQ. ID No.        1 to 66 or their complement.    -   A method of inhibiting or impairing plant growth and development        of a target plant is also provided, the method comprising:    -   selecting a suitable gene for growth suppression;

identifying an at least one target site accessible to base pairing inthe suitable gene; identifying an at least one divergent site in the atleast one target site;

-   -   designing a construct complementary to the at least one        divergent site;    -   adding an at least one RNAi inducer element to the construct;        and    -   delivering the construct to the target plant.    -   The method may further comprise adding an at least one helper        sequence to the species specific gene construct.    -   The method may further comprise sequencing an at least one gene        from the target plant to select the suitable gene.    -   In the method, the construct may include any one of SEQ ID No. 1        to 66 or their complement.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a DPC targeting construct for photobleaching-based death inmultiple species in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.Ath=Arabidopsis thaliana, Nto=Nicotiana tobacum, Bra=Brassica napus,Zma=Zea mays, Mtr=Medicago truncatula.

FIG. 2 shows an apoptosis targeting construct for Brassica rapa inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology. Inserted into vectorfor E. coli production or transcribed in vitro. Resultant dsRNA isapplied to plants.

FIG. 3 shows an apoptosis targeting construct 2, for Nicotianasylvestris in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.sgP=subgenomic promoter. Cloned into RNA2-MCS vectors or co-expressedwith TRV replicase.

FIG. 4 shows an apoptosis targeting construct 3, for Nicotianasylvestris inside TRV RNA2 in accordance with an embodiment of thetechnology. RNA applied to plants along with TRV RNA1.

FIG. 5 shows a T7-driven helper construct in accordance with anembodiment of the technology. RNA is added directly to plants, or clonedinto RNA2-MCS or RNAI-MCS vectors .

FIG. 6 shows an empty VIGS-based vector to produce coated RNA1 and 2based RNAi inducers in E. coli in accordance with an embodiment of thetechnology. Targeting constructs such as FIG. 3 are cloned into the MCScontained in RNA2, usually with flanking subgenomic promoters.

FIG. 7 shows an empty VIGS-based vector to produce coated RNAI and 2based RNAi inducers in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.Targeting constructs such as FIG. 3 are cloned into the MCS contained inRNA2, usually with flanking subgenomic promoters.

FIG. 8 shows an empty VIGS-based vector to produce coated RNAI and 2based RNAi inducers in yeast in accordance with an embodiment of thetechnology. Targeting construct is cloned into the MCS contained inRNA2, usually with flanking subgenomic promoters.

FIG. 9 shows an empty VIGS-based vector to produce naked TRV RNAI andRNA2 based RNAi inducers in accordance with an embodiment of thetechnology. Functional in E. coli with T7 Polymerase and for in vitroproduction. Ribozymes cleave the RNA into separate strands.

FIG. 10 shows a generic model of a DNA construct for an RNAi herbicide.The core of the herbicide is the targeting construct, tuned to affectone or a few plant species. RNAi inducer elements are either insertedinto the targeting sequence (introns to make hairpins, direct orinverted repeats withlwithout base pairing mismatches), or are insertedaround the targeting construct (subgenomic, viral, or endogenous RdRPpromoters). This is all driven by either single or flanking promotersfor RNA production in the chosen production species, and a circular orlinear backbone for maintaining the construct in the production species.

FIG. 11 shows a construct for producing an RNAi herbicide in E. coli,without a target construct. In bacteria the TRV coat protein istranscribed and translated. Targeting constructs are inserted into theMCS. The TRV RNAI fragments facilitate coating of the RNA. In targetplants this RNA is transcribed to produce viral replicase, whichproduces dsRNA from the entire RNA. This induces the RNAi response.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Brief Description of theSequences

SEQ ID NO: 1 is the short interfering sequence Actin 2 siRNA-A usedaccording to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 2 is the short interfering sequence Actin 2 siRNA-B usedaccording to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 3 is the short interfering sequence CHLI siRNA-A usedaccording to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 4 is the short interfering sequence CHLI siRNA-B usedaccording to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 5 is the short interfering sequence 18S siRNA-A usedaccording to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 6 is the short interfering sequence 18S siRNA-B usedaccording to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 7 is the DNA sequence encoding the short interfering sequenceActin 2 siRNA-A used according to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 8 is the DNA sequence encoding the short interfering sequenceActin 2 si RNA-B used according to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 9 is the DNA sequence encoding the short interfering sequenceCHLI siRNA-A used according to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 10 is the DNA sequence encoding the short interferingsequence CHLI siRNA-B used according to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 11 is the DNA sequence encoding the short interferingsequence 18S siRNA-A used according to the present technology.

SEQ ID NO: 12 is the DNA sequence encoding the short interferingsequence 18S siRNA-B used according to the present technology.

SEQ ID No. 13: Synthetic construct targeting CHLI1 in A. thaliana, B.rapa, M. truncatula, Z. mays, and N. Tobacum.

SEQ ID No. 14: Synthetic construct targeting mGFP5er, Acdll, Acd2, Catl,Cat2, and Lsdl in B. rapa pekinensis.

SEQ ID No. 15: Synthetic construct targeting Atg5, Catl, Jazh, MC2, andBeclinl in Nicotiana sylvestris.

SEQ ID No. 16: Synthetic construct targeting Acd2, BI-1, LIsI, NtTCTP,and Beclinl in Nicotiana sylvestris.

SEQ ID No. 17: Synthetic construct consisting of CaMV35s promoter, TRVPpk20 RNA1, ribozyme sequence and NOS terminator.

SEQ ID No. 18: TRV RNA2-MCS for transcription in plant cells.

SEQ ID No. 19: Truncated T7 driven Tobacco Rattle Virus RNA1 (T7-RNA1inducer).

SEQ ID No. 20: Synthetic sequence consisting of optimized TRV coatprotein driven by T7 promoter and a strong Ribosome binding site (RBS),and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) isolate Ppk20 RNA1 and ribozyme sequencedriven by T7 promoter. All elements are in the pUC57 vector.

SEQ ID No. 21: Synthetic T7-RNA2-MCS inducer sequence.

SEQ ID No. 22: Synthetic T7 driven RNA2 with sample construct (C3) inMCS, ribozyme, NOS.

SEQ ID No. 23: Synthetic T7-RNA2-sgP-C3 sequence.

SEQ ID No. 24: Synthetic sequence consisting of pUC57 MCS flanked by PeaEarly Browning virus (PEBV) subgenomic promoters, all of which areflanked by T7 promoters.

SEQ ID No. 25: Synthetic RNA1 of TRV Ppk20 sequence.

SEQ ID No. 26: Synthetic RNA2 of pTRV2 with C3 insert sequence.

SEQ ID NO 27: Synthetic sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO 15 flanked byPEBV subgenomic promoters

SEQ ID NO 28: Synthetic pRNAi-GG sequence.

SEQ ID No. 29: Synthetic pRNAi-GG with SEQID 14 inserts.

SEQ ID No. 30: Human cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer andpromoter sequence.

SEQ ID No. 31: Synthetic TRV coat protein CDS DNA from pTRV2 sequence.

SEQ ID No. 32: Synthetic Tobacco Rattle Virus Codon-optimized CoatProtein mRNA sequence.

SEQ ID No. 33: Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus P19 suppressor protein CDS fromTomato Bushy Stunt Virus M21958.1 sequence.SEQ ID No. 34: PapayaRingspot Virus strain P isolate pFT3-NP HCpro peptide CDS sequence.

SEQ ID NO 35: Tobacco Mosaic Virus TMV 30kDa movement protein CDSsequence.

SEQ ID No. 36: Arabidopsis thaliana TOR gene CDS (TAIR accessionAT1G50030).

SEQ ID No. 37: Arabidopsis thaliana ATG5 sequence.

SEQ ID NO 38: Arabidopsis thaliana Beclin 1 sequence.

SEQ ID No. 39: Nicotiana attenuata ZIM domain protein h mRNA sequence.

SEQ ID NO. 40: Nicotiana benthamiana Bax inhibitor 1 mRNA sequence.

SEQ ID No. 41: Nicotiana sylvestris Acd2 partial transcript sequencederived from N.

sylvestris transcriptome.

SEQ ID No. 42: Lycopersicon esculentum lethal leaf spot 1-like proteinmRNA sequence.

SEQ ID NO 43: Nicotiana tobacum mRNA for catalase 1 (catl gene),cultivar NC89 sequence.

SEQ ID NO 44: Arabidopsis thaliana MC2 sequence.

SEQ ID No. 45: Nicotiana benthamiana NbTCTP mRNA for translationallycontrolled tumor protein sequence.

SEQ ID No. 46: Arabidopsis thaliana Lsdl sequence.

SEQ ID No. 47: Arabidopsis thaliana Acdll sequence.

SEQ ID No. 48: Nicotiana sylvestris PDS gene target construct.

SEQ ID No. 49: T7 driven RNA2 with NSYL PDS target construct in MCS.

SEQ ID No. 50: T7 driven truncated PPK20 RNA1 consisting of 5′ sequence,replicase CDS, PUC57 MCS, 3′ sequence, ribozyme and NOS terminator.

SEQ ID No. 51: TRV PPK20 RNAI replicase CDS.

SEQ ID No. 52: TRV PPK20 RNA2 5′ replication element containing sequence

SEQ ID No. 53: TRV Ppk20 RNA2 3′ replication element containing sequence

SEQ ID No. 54: Arabidopsis thaliana ESR gene CDS.

SEQ ID No. 55: Arabidopsis thaliana SAG12 (senescence associated gene12) CDS.

SEQ ID No. 56: Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 (phytoalexin deficient 4) geneCDS.

SEQ ID No. 57: Arabidopsis thaliana CPRS (constitutive expression of PRgenes 5) gene CDS.

SEQ ID No. 58: Arabidopsis thaliana ACD1 (accelerated cell death 1) geneCDS.

SEQ ID No. 59: Arabidopsis thaliana ATG18 (homolog of yeast autophagygene 18 G) gene CDS.

Additional sequences included in this application are from Arabidopsis.Each line provides the gene symbol, genes name and Arabidopsis accessionnumber.

Starvation:

SEQ ID No. 60: HDH (HISTIDINOL DEHYDROGENASE) AT5G63890

SEQ ID No. 61: ATHMEE2 (MATERNAL EFFECT EMBRYO ARREST 2/=SHI KIMATEDEHYDROGENASE) AT3G06350

SEQ ID No. 62: ICDH (ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE) AT1G54340

Early Senescence:

SEQ ID No. 63: APG 9 (AUTOPHAGY 9) AT2G31260

SEQ ID No. 64: ATG 2 (AUTOPHAGY 2) AT3G19190

SEQ ID No. 65: SRI (SIGNAL RESPONSIVE 1) AT2G22300

SEQ ID No. 66: APG7 (AUTOPHAGY 7) AT5G45900

Definitions:

RNAi Payload means a payload consisting of at least one specific nucleicacid sequence or analogue sequence that, when introduced into the bodyof a plant, will trigger or initiate an RNAi cascade.

Cell (or host plant cell) means a cell or protoplast of a plant cell andincludes isolated cells and cells in a whole plant, plant organ, orfragment of a plant. It also includes non-isolated cells.

Double stranded region means a region of a polynucleotide wherein thenucleotides or analogues are capable of hydrogen bonding to each other.Such hydrogen bonding can be intramolecular or intermolecular (e.g.single transcription unit forming a dou ble stranded region with theso-called hairpin or two transcription units that align appropriatelyfor complementary sequences to hydrogen bond). To be a double strandedregion, according to the present invention, it is not necessary for 100%of the nucleotides to be complementary and hydrogen bonded within aregion. It is merely necessary for sufficient base pairing to occur togive the RNA a substantial double stranded character (e.g. an indicativemelting point).

RNAi Inducer means at least one specific nucleic acid sequence oranalogue sequence that, when introduced into the body of a plant, willtrigger or initiate an

RNAi cascade. This can be, for example, but is not limited to DNA,dsRNA, ssRNA, siRNA, and miRNA sequences. RNAi inducers are usuallycapable of activating RNAi in a number of species.

Targeting constructs are added to the RNAi inducer sequence to directthe RNAi response against specific endogenous polynucleotides.

Targeting construct means a region of nucleic acid sequence that iscomplementary to one or more endogenous or exogenous polynucleotides.siRNAs released from the processing of a targeting construct direct RNAimachinery to knock-down endogenous polynucleotides.

RdRP means a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. An RdRP creates acomplementary strand of RNA using RNA as a template. Endogenous RdRPsinclude components of RISC machinery, and DNA-dependent RNA polymeraseswhen recruited by special RNA sequenceslstructures. Exogenous RdRPs comefrom virus, retrotransposons, or are harvested from another organism.

Exogenous gene means a gene that is not normally present in a given hostgenome in the present form. In this respect, the gene itself may benative to the host genome, however the exogenous gene will comprise thenative gene altered by the addition or deletion of one or more differentregulatory elements or additional genes.

Gene or genes means nucleic acid sequences (including both RNA or DNA)that encode genetic information for the synthesis of a whole RNA, awhole protein, or any functional portion of such whole RNA or wholeprotein sufficient to possess a desired characteristic.

Marker gene means a gene that, when its activity is altered, imparts adistinct phenotype.

Essential gene means a gene that, when inhibited, results in a negativeeffect on at least one of plant growth and development. They arerequired for normal plant growth and reproduction.

Heterologous polynucleotide means any polynucleotide that is introduced(transiently or stably) into a non-transformed host plant. Apolynucleotide is not excluded from being a heterologous polynucleotideby the presence of matching endogenous polynucleotide sequences.

Homologous means having sequence similarity sufficient to allowhybridization in vivo, in vitro, and/or ex vivo under low stringencyconditions between the antisense sequence and the sense gene mRNA.

Inhibition of gene expression means a decrease in the level of proteinand/or RNA product from a target gene. The consequences of inhibitioncan be confirmed by examination of the outward properties of the cell ororganism (as presented below in the examples) or by biochemicaltechniques such as RNA solution hybridization, nuclease protection,Northern hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reversetranscription (RT) reverse transcription PCR(RTlPCR), gene expressionmonitoring with a microarray, antibody binding, enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, radioimmunoassay (RIA),other immunoassays, and fluorescence assisted cell sorting(FACS).

Substantially complementary, with respect to the sense and antisensesequences means sufficiently complementary to allow for formation of adouble stranded molecule.

Transcript means RNA encoded by DNA. In the context of sense andantisense transcripts of the present invention, such sense and antisensetranscripts can be part of the same polynucleotide or they can be 2separate polynucleotides (i.e., each having its own 5′ and 3′ end).

Treating a weed plant means a method to cause a deleterious effect onthe weed, for example, but not limited to, interfering with development,reducing growth, triggering programmed cell death such as apoptosis,senescence, or autophagy, reducing vigour, interfering with reproductiveviability, or result in death.

hpRNA is hairpin RNA, produced through inverted repeats with or withouta single stranded loop region.

RISC is an RNA-induced silencing complex.

dsRNA is double stranded RNA. siRNA is short interfering RNA.

miRNA is microRNA and is a small non-coding RNA molecule (ca. 22nucleotides) found in plants and animals. They function intranscriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

pTRVI and pTRV2 are well proven RNAi inducers. One skilled in the artcan use other virus based sequences to create an inducer by placing thevirus sequence between a suitable promoter and terminator andincorporating an MCS into it.

Weeds mean members of the Amaranthaceae family, such as green pigweedand redroot pigweed, members of the Anacardiaceae family, such aswestern poison-oak, central poison-ivy, eastern poison-ivy, rydberg'spoison-ivy, and poison sumac, members of the

Asclepiadaceae family, such as common milkweed, black dog-stranglingvine, and dog-strangling vine, members of the Balsaminaceae family suchas spotted jewelweed, members of the Berberidaceae family such as commonbarberry, members of the Boraginaceae family such as blueweed, andstickseed, members of the Caryophyllaceae family such as purple cockle,mouse-eared chickweed, bouncingbet, night-flowering catchfly, whitecockle, bladder campion, corn spurry, chickweed, grass-leaved stichwort,and cow cockle, members of the Chenopodiaceae family such as Russianpigweed, lamb's quarters, Kochia, and Russian thistle, members of theCompositae family (Asteraceae) such as common yarrow, Russian knapweed,common ragweed, perennial ragweed, giant ragweed, stinking mayweed,common burdock, woolly burdock, absinth, biennial wormwood, mugwort, NewEngland aster, nodding beggarticks, tall beggarticks, plumeless thistle,nodding thistle, diffuse knapweed, brown knapweed, spotted knapweed,black knapweed, chicory, Canada thistle, bull thistle, Canada fleabane,;smooth hawk's-beard, narrow-leaved hawk's-beard, Philadelphia fleabane,rough fleabane, spotted Joe-Pye weed, hairy galinsoga, orange hawkweed,mouse-eared hawkweed, king devil hawkweed, spotted cat's-ear,elecampane, poverty weed, false ragweed, prickly lettuce, blue lettuce,nipplewort, fall hawkbit, ox-eye daisy, pineapple weed, scentlesschamomile, black-eyed Susan, tansy ragwort, Canada goldenrod, perennialsow-thistle, spiny annual sow-thistle, annual sow-thistle, tansy,dandelion, goat's-beard, meadow goat's-beard, colt's-foot, andcocklebur, members of the Convolvulaceae family such as field bindweed,and field dodder, members of the Crassulaceae family such as mossystonecrop, members of the Cruciferae family(Brassicaceae) such as garlicmustard, yellow rocket, hoary alyssum, Indian mustard, bird rape,small-seeded false flax, shepherd's purse, lens-podded hoary cress,hare's-ear mustard, flixweed, wood whitlow-grass, dog mustard, wormseedmustard, tall wormseed mustard, dame's-rocket, field pepper-grass,common pepper-grass, poor-man's pepper-grass, ball mustard, wild radish,creeping yellow cress, wild mustard, tumble mustard, tall hedge mustard,and stinkweed, members of the Cucurbitaceae family such as wildcucumber, members of the Cyperaceae family such as yellow nut sedge,members of the Equisetaceae family such as field horsetail, members ofthe Euphorbiaceae family such as three-seeded mercury, cypress spurge,leafy spurge, and hairy-stemmed spurge, members of Gramineae family(Poaceae) such as wild oats, smooth brome, downy brome, smooth crabgrass, large crab grass, barnyard grass, quack grass, foxtail barley,Persian darnel, witch grass, common reed, annual blue grass, Kentuckyblue grass, green foxtail, and yellow foxtail, members of the Guttiferaefamily such as St. John's-wort, member of the Haloragaceae family suchas Eurasian water-milfoil, members of the Hydrocharitaceae family suchas European frogbit, members of the Labiatae family such as ajuga,American dragonhead, hemp-nettle, ground-ivy, motherwort, catnip,heal-all, andnnarsh hedge-nettle, members of the Leguminosae family(Fabaceae) such as hog-peanut, bird's-foot trefoil, black medick, whitesweet-clover, yellow sweet-clover, crown vetch, white clover, and tuftedvetch, members of the Liliaceae family such as false hellebore, showyfalse hellebore, smooth camas, and meadow camas, members of theLythraceae family such as purple loosestrife, members of the Malvaceaefamily such as velvetleaf, round-leaved mallow, and common mallow,members of the Onagraceae family such as fireweed, and yellowevening-primrose, members of the Oxalidaceae family such as Europeanwood-sorrel, members of the Plantaginaceae family includingnarrow-leaved plantain, broad-leaved plantain, hoary plantain, andRugel's plantain, members of the Polygonaceae family such as Tartarybuckwheat, striate knotweed, prostrate knotweed, wild buckwheat, palesmartweed, lady's-thumb, green smartweed, sheep sorrel, curled dock,long-leaved dock, field dock, serrate-valved dock, and broad-leaveddock, members of the Pteridaceae family such as bracken, members of thePortulacaceae family such as purslane, members of the Ranunculaceaefamily such as tall buttercup, and creeping buttercup, members of theRhamnaceae family such as European buckthorn, members of the Rosaceaesuch as silvery cinquefoil, rough cinquefoil, sulfur cinquefoil,narrow-leaved meadowsweet, and hardhack, members of the Rubiaceae familysuch as smooth bedstraw, members of the Scrophulariaceae family such asdwarf snapdragon, yellow toadflax, Dalmation toadflax, moth mullein,common mullein, and thyme-leaved speedwell, members of the Solanaceaefamily such as climbing nightshade, and eastern black nightshade,members of the Typhaceae family such as narrow-leaved cattail, andcattail, members of the Umbelliferae

(Apiaceae) family such as goutweed, caraway, western water-hemlock,spotted water-hemlock, poison-hemlock, wild carrot, giant hogweed, wildparsnip, and water-parsnip, and members of the Urticaceae family such asstinging nettle.

In addition, the following weeds will be controlled, if not alreadylisted above:

Abutilon theophrasti (Velvetleaf), Acroptilon repens (Russian Knapweed),Aegilops cylindrica (Jointed Goatgrass), Agropyron repens (Quackgrass),Alyssum, Hoary (Berteroa incana), Amaranthus retroflexus (RedrootPigweed), Anchusa officinalis (Common Bugloss), Annual Bluegrass (Poaannua), Annual Sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Annual Sow-thistle,Spiny (Sonchus asper), Anthriscus sylvestris (Wild Chervil), Arctiumspp. (Burdock), Asclepias speciosa (Showy Milkweed), Avena fatua (WildOats), Baby's-Breath (Gypsophila paniculata), Barley, Foxtail (Hordeumjubatum), Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli), Beggar-Ticks, Nodding(Bidens cernua), Berteroa incana (Hoary Alyssum), Bidens cernua (NoddingBeggar-Ticks), Bindweed, Field (Convolvulus arvensis), Bladder Campion(Silene cucubalus), Bluegrass, Annual (Poa annua), Blueweed (Echiumvulgare), Bog Rush (Juncus effusus), Broad-Leaved Plantain (Plantagomajor), Buckwheat, Tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum), Buckwheat, Wild(Polygonum convolvulus), Bugloss, Common (Anchusa officinalis), BullThistle (Cirsium vulgare), Burdock (Arctium spp.), Buttercup, Creeping(Ranunculus repens), Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense), Capsellabursa-pastoris (Shepherd's-Purse), Cardaria spp. (Hoary Cress), Carduusnutans (Nodding Thistle, a.k.a. Musk Thistle), Carduus acanthoides(Plumeless Thistle), Centaurea diffusa (Diffuse Knapweed), Centaureapratensis (Meadow Knapweed), Centaurea solstitialis (YellowStarthistle), Centaurea maculosa (Spotted Knapweed), Chamomile,Scentless (Matricaria maritima), Chenopodium album (Lamb's-Quarters),Cichorium intybus (Chicory), Cirsium palustre (Marsh Plume Thistle),Chervil, Wild (Anthriscus sylvestris), Chicory (Cichorium intybus),Chondrilla juncea (Rush Skeletonweed), Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (OxeyeDaisy), Cicuta douglasii (Water Hemlock), Cinquefoil, Sulphur(Potentilla recta), Cirsium arvense (Canada Thistle), Cirsium vulgare(Bull Thistle), Cleavers (Galium aparine), Cluster Tarweed (Madiaglomerata), Common Bugloss (Anchusa officinalis), Common Tansy(Tanacetum vulgare), Common Mallow (Malva neglecta), Common Chickweed(Stellaria media), Convolvulus arvensis (Field Bindweed), Corn Spurry(Spergula arvensis), Creeping Buttercup (Ranunculus repens), Crupinavulgaris (Crupina), Cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosunn), Curled Dock (Rumexcrispus), Cytisus scoparius (Scotch Broom), Dalmatian Toadflax (Linariadalmatica), Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa), Dodder, (Cuscutaspp.), Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Field Scabious (Knautiaarvensis), Foxtail Barley (Hordeum jubatum), Giant Hogweed (Heracleummantegazzianum), Gorse (Tragopogon dubius), Green Foxtail (Setariaviridis), Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), Gypsophila paniculata(Baby's-Breath), Hem p-Nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit), Henbit (Lamiumamplexicaule), Heracleum mantegazzianum (Giant

Hogweed), Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera), Hoary Alyssum(Berteroa incana), Hoary Cress (Cardaria spp.), Hordeum jubatum (FoxtailBarley), Horsetail, Field (Equisetum arvense), Hound's-tongue(Cynoglossum officinale), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's-Wort),Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan Balsam), Japanese Knotweed (Polygonumcuspidatum), Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), Juncus effusus(Bog Rush), Knapweed, Meadow (Centaurea pratensis), Knapweed, Spotted(Centaurea maculosa), Knapweed, Russian (Acroptilon repens), Knapweed,Diffuse (Centaurea diffusa), Knautia arvensis (Field Scabious), Kochiascoparia (Kochia), Lady's-Thumb (Polygonum persicaria), Lamb's-Quarters(Chenopodium album), Lamium amplexicaule (Henbit), Leafy Spurge(Euphorbia esula), Lepidium latifolium (Perennial Pepperweed), Linariadalmatica (Dalmatian Toadflax), Linaria vulgaris (Yellow Toadflax),Lychnis alba (White Cockle), Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife),Madia glomerata (Cluster Tarweed) Malva neglecta (Common Mallow), MarshPlume Thistle (Cirsium palustre), Matricaria maritima (ScentlessChamomile), Matricaria matricariodes (Pineappleweed), Meadow Knapweed(Centaurea pratensis), Meadow Hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella), Milkweed,Showy (Asclepias speciosa), Mullein (Verbascum thapsus), Mustard, Wild(Sinapsis arvensis), Narrow-Leaved Plantain (Plantago lanceolata),Night-Flowering Catchfly (Silene noctiflora), Nightshade (Solanum spp.),Nodding Thistle, a.k.a. Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans), NoddingBeggar-Ticks (Bidens cernua), Nutsedge, Purple (Cyperus rotundus),Nutsedge, Yellow (Cyperus esculentus), Onopordum acanthium (ScotchThistle), Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum), Oxeye Daisy(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), Panicum capillare (Witchgrass), PerennialPepperweed (Lepidium latifolium), Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchusarvensis), Pigweed, Red root (Amaranthus retroflexus), Pinea ppleweed(Matricaria matricariodes), Plantago lanceolata (Narrow-LeavedPlantain), Plantago major (Broad-Leaved Plantain), Plumeless Thistle(Carduus acanthoides), Poa annua (Annual Bluegrass), Polygonumconvolvulus (Wild Buckwheat), Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed),Polygonum persicaria (Lady's-Thumb), Potentilla recta (SulphurCinquefoil), Puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris), Purple Nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Quackgrass(Agropyron repens), Ranunculus repens (Creeping Buttercup), Rumexacetosella (Sheep Sorrel), Rumex crispus (Curled Dock), RushSkeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea), Russian Knapweed (Acroptilon repens),Russian Thistle (Salsola kali), Scentless Chamomile (Matricariamaritima), Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius), Scotch Thistle (Onopordumacanthium), Senecio jacobaea (Tansy Ragwort), Sheep Sorrel (Rumexacetosella), Shepherd's-Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), SulphurCinquefoil (Potentilla recta), Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa),St. John's-Wort (Hypericum perforatum), Stinkweed (Thlapsi arvense),Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrumtataricum), Tarweed, Cluster (Madia glomerata), Thistle, Bull (Cirsiumvulgare), Thistle, Canada (Cirsium arvense), Nodding Thistle a.k.a. MuskThistle (Carduus nutans), Plumeless Thistle (Carduus acanthoides),Russian Thistle (Salsola kali), Scotch Thistle (Onopordum acanthium),Thlapsi arvense (Stinkweed), Dalmatian Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica),Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris), Tragopogon dubius (WesternGoat's-Beard), Tribulus terrestris (Puncture vine), Ulex europaeus(Gorse), Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), Verbascum thapsus (Mullein),Water Hemlock (Cicuta douglasii), Western Goat's-Beard (Tragopogondubius), White Cockle (Lychnis alba), Wild Chervil (Anthriscussylvestris), Wild Mustard (Sinapsis arvensis), Wild Buckwheat (Polygonumconvolvulus), Wild Oats (Avena fatua), Witchgrass (Panicum capillare),Yellow Hawkweed (Hieracium pratense), Yellow Starthistle (Centaureasolstitialis), Kudzu (Pueraria lobata), Japanese dodder (Cuscutajaponica), water hyacinth (Eichhornia spp.) and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperusesculentus).

Underlying the various embodiments of the present invention is treatinga weed by introducing a heterologous polynucleotide or analogue into theweed plant, the heterologous polynucleotide comprising: 1) an RNAiinducer capable of recruiting RISC machinery to the sequence and 2) atargeting construct comprising (a) an antisense sequence having homologyto an essential gene, or a marker gene, or (b) a sense sequencesubstantially complementary to said antisense sequence; wherein saidsense and antisense sequences are capable of hybridizing to each otherto form a double-stranded region.

Description:

Except as otherwise expressly provided, the following rules ofinterpretation apply to this specification (written description, claimsand drawings): (a) all words used herein shall be construed to be ofsuch gender or number (singular or plural) as the circumstances require;(b) the singular terms “a”, “an”, and “the”, as used in thespecification and the appended claims include plural references unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise; (c) the antecedent term “about”applied to a recited range or value denotes an approximation within thedeviation in the range or value known or expected in the art from themeasurements method; (d) the words “herein”, “hereby”, “hereof”,“hereto”, “hereinbefore”, and “hereinafter”, and words of similarimport, refer to this specification in its entirety and not to anyparticular paragraph, claim or other subdivision, unless otherwisespecified; (e) descriptive headings are for convenience only and shallnot control or affect the meaning or construction of any part of thespecification; and (f) “or” and “any” are not exclusive and “include”and “including” are not limiting. Further, The terms “comprising,”“having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed asopen-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unlessotherwise noted.

To the extent necessary to provide descriptive support, the subjectmatter and/or text of the appended claims is incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and eachseparate value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. Where a specific range of values isprovided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth ofthe unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any otherstated or intervening value in that stated range, is included therein.All smaller sub ranges are also included. The upper and lower limits ofthese smaller ranges are also included therein, subject to anyspecifically excluded limit in the stated range.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe relevant art. Although any methods and materials similar orequivalent to those described herein can also be used, the acceptablemethods and materials are now described.

Overview: An RNAi payload is introduced into a host plant, for example,a weed by application of a formulation comprising the payload.Application methods include spraying, irrigating, injecting(extracellular as opposed to microinjection), abrading or otherwisecausing entry of the formulation into, for example, but not limited to,a seed, a seedling, a sapling, a mature plant, a reproducing plant or asenescing plant. Application methods do not include stabletransformation methods. The RNAi payload comprises one or more RNAiinducer elements encouraging its processing by dicer. The RNAi payloadalso contains a targeting region complementary to correspondingessential genes, or marker genes or both. When the RNAi payload isprocessed it releases siRNAs against those genes. The siRNAs direct RISCmachinery to knock down those genes.

A list of genes used to build targeting constructs is provided. For eachgene, one or more of double stranded RNA fragments and the DNA codingsequences or analogues that generate them are provided. These fragmentshave sequences that allow them to initiate the RNAi cascade, hence theDNA sequences will have, in addition, suitable promoters, for example,

but not limited to, constitutive promoters that result in a high levelof expression, and a suitable transcriptional stop element. The DNAsequences may be provided as crude viral or bacterial extracts, plasmidor viral DNA with the sequence and regulatory regions inserted therein,or may be synthesized. Each target in the targeting construct comprisesat least about 19 nucleotides or at least about 50 nucleotides, or atleast about 100 nucleotides, or at least about 150 nucleotides, and allsub ranges therebetween. During the knock-down process RdRPs‘transcribe’ the target mRNAs. These transcripts are processed into moresiRNAs targeting the whole mRNA. These are transported through the plantwhere they spread the cascade.

In the context of the present invention, there are three important stepsto an effective RNAi herbicide. Firstly, the RNAi payload (DNA, RNA, orsynthetic oligos) is delivered to the plant or part of the plant.Application methods affect delivery, with stem injection, spray, andvector-aided delivery (without stable transformation) being commontechniques. Once applied, the inducer is introduced to the cytoplasm ofthe target cells. This may be mediated by, for example, but not limitedto, additives, chemical modification of the inducer, or vectors such asviral coat protein, or nano-cages.

Secondly, a build-up of RNA occurs that can spread from cell to cell.This can happen prior to the RNAi response if exogenous RNA polymerases(such as viral RdRPs) are included as RNAi inducer elements, or ifendogenous RNA polymerases (including DNA dependant RNA polymerases) arerecruited to replicate the payload. It can also happen during the RNAiresponse if the inducer triggers RNAi-associated RdRPs. The entireinducer can be replicated, or only specific regions (using internal RNApromoters such as viral subgenomic promoters). Inducers can use one orboth of these pathways for replication. Viral RNAi suppressor proteinscan be included to increase the amount of RNA present before RNAi istriggered. Cell-to-cell spread can be accelerated using viral movementproteins and by targeting key plant genes.

Finally, the RNAi inducer elements elicit an RNAi response that targetsRISC machinery to degrade critical endogenous RNAs. This is accomplishedby complementarity between regions of the inducer and the target RNAs.Once the inducer is processed into siRNAs they are used by RISC totarget further RNA. siRNAs produced from the targeting construct arecomplementary to endogenous target genes. These are knocked down as“Collateral damage” while the plant clears the payload.

In addition to the sequences for essential genes, the payload willinclude RNA fragments that will silence genes that modulate the RNAicascade. These will be synthetic or virally derived RNA fragmentstargeting components of the RNAi pathway. Without being bound by theory,it is believed that the RNA payload used in the present technology willtarget and silence, knock-down, or dysregulate genes that are necessaryfor the proper growth and development and optimally, the survival of theweed.

Elements

Target genes: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Senescence; Starvation; Accessory(RISC components)

RNAi inducers: Replicaselpromoter pairs; (Viral replicase andpromoterlsubgenomic promoter pairs; Recruitment and co-option ofendogenous RNA polymerases; and Action of endogenous rdRPs [siRNAasymmetries, single base mismatches]); Recruitment of DNA ligases forRNA ligation; and that recruit dicer for RNAi processing (dsRNA regions[Inverted repeats; Hairpins; and Direct repeats])

Functional elements: Promoters; Terminators; Ribosome binding sites;Internal ribosome entry sites; Hammerhead ribozymes; Recruitment andco-option of endogenous DNA ligase to ligate RNA; and Cap stealing orRNA capping sequences.

Exogenous helper genes: Coat proteins; Movement Proteins; and RNAisuppressor proteins.

Without being bound to theory, there are three primary ways to killplants using an RNAi cascade. The first way knocks down production ofessential cellular components. This causes cells to starve, or tostructurally degrade. Target genes include EPSP synthese, chalconesynthase, starch synthase, cellulose synthase, acetyl-COA reductase,transaminase, 18S rRNA, eEF-IB gamma, SAP130b, TRPT, PAI1, PDS, DGL

The second way is to induce apoptotic programmed cell death by knockingout key repressors in the pathway. This results in Hypersensitiveresponse like (HR) and necrotic lesions. It is quicker than starvationbut may in some situations be too quick, killing cells before the RNAicascade can spread. Runaway hypersensitive response can also be elicitedin this manner. Target genes include BECLIN1 PI3KlVPS30 ATG3 ATG7 CAT1ACD2, NbTCTP, LLS1.

The final way is by inducing senescence, again by knocking out keyrepressors of that pathway. Once senescence is triggered cells undergo aslower, more regulated cell death. Target genes to induce senescenceinclude: APG 9 (Autophagy 9), ATG 2 (Autophagy 2), SRI (Signalresponsive 1, APG7 (Autophagy 7)

Autophagy can be triggered along with any of these responses. Duringautophagy plant cells engulf and digest their organelles.

Helper genes include the following:

-   -   Protein coding sequences for:        -   Viral movement proteins that interact with coat protein            (VIGS based inducer)        -   Viral movement proteins that do not require coat protein        -   Viral coat proteins

Production of RNA is achieved through transcription of a DNA template,either in a cell such as E. coli or in vitro. DNA is produced in cells,or through PCR. Promoter-polymerase combinations such at the T7 systemcan be used for tight control of transcription and high yield.Eukaryotic expression systems such as yeast are also viable productionfactories. Viral coat proteins or other protective structures may beproduced in the same cells or added later to purified RNA.

The simplest RNAi inducers are siRNAs. They are recognised by RISCmachinery and used directly to guide knockdown of endogenouspolynucleotides. If properly formatted they also encourage endogenousRdRPs to amplify the silencing signal and cause transitivity. The siRNAsequence is also the simplest targeting construct. Longer targetingconstructs can be grouped together on an RNA. Using secondary structuresuch as hairpins, or by transcribing both DNA strands into RNA, largedsRNA regions are created. These are recognised and processed by RISCmachinery. The dsRNA replication intermediate of many virus is a triggerfor RNAi, allowing many virus to act as RNAi inducers. Incorporating atargeting construct into such a virus results in a functional RNAiherbicide. Finally, single stranded RNA or DNA transcribed in plantcells can trigger RNAi if the RNAis replicated. This is achieved byincluding coding sequences for exogenous RdRPs, or through RNA sequencesthat recruit endogenous RdRPs.

Examples of the RNAi payloads used in the present technology follow andwere designed to target the sequences as shown:

SEQ ID NO: 1  Actin 2 siRNA-A (target sequence: 5′-GCATCACACTTTCGTACAA-3′); SEQ ID NO: 2 Actin 2 siRNA-B (target sequence: 5′-CGAGAAGAACTAT GAATTA-3′);SEQ ID NO: 3  CHLI siRNA-A (target sequence: 5′-GGAGATAGAGGAACTGGAA-3′); SEQ ID NO: 4 CHLI siRNA-B (target sequence: 5′-GGAACATCTTCTTCT GCAA-3′);SEQ ID NO: 5  18S siRNA-A (target sequence: 5′-GGGAGGTAGTGACAATA AA-3′);and SEQ ID NO: 6  18S siRNA-B (target sequence: 5′-GGACGCATTTATTAGATAA-3′).

The RNAi payloads used in the present technology were designed to targetthe sequences as shown:

SEQ ID NO: 7 Actin 2 siRNA-A (target sequence: 5′-GGCATCACACTTTCTACAA-3′); SEQ ID NO: 8Actin 2 siRNA-B (target sequence: 5′-CGAGAAGAACTAT GAATTA-3′);SEQ ID NO: 9 CHLI siRNA-A (target sequence: 5′-GGAGATAGAGGAACTG GAA-3′);SEQ ID NO: 10 CHLI siRNA-B (target sequence: 5′-GGAACATCTTCTTCTGCAA-3′); SEQ ID NO: 1118S siRNA-A (target sequence: 5′-GGGAGGTAGTGACAATA AA-3′); andSEQ ID NO: 12 18S siRNA-B (target sequence: 5′-GGACGCATTTATTAGAT AA-3′).

Design: For the target genes, siRNAs were designed with reference to theliterature, the target site accessibility web tool, RNAxs(http:llrna.tbi,unjvie.ac.at/cgi-bin/RNAxs?hakim-1) and BLAST searches.

The genes chosen were essential genes or marker genes, which, whenknocked down would be expected to provide an easily identifiablephenotype.

The first siRNAs were designed to be incorporated into Argonaute protein(AGOI). They were 21nt in length with a UU, 3′ overhang on each end anda 5′ terminal U. A 5′ phosphate was added to the guide strand of thesiRNA.

Other designs include one or more of targeting different AGO complexes,using a different 5′ nucleotide, using chemically modified siRNA toincrease stability, using different 3′ overhang nucleotides, andincluding a 5′ phosphate on both strands.

As the mRNA target site should be accessible, the RNAxs webserver wasused to search through a given mRNA sequence and identify those sitesbased on the 2° structure of the mRNA and thermodynamic asymmetry andfolding energies associated with the siRNAs themselves. siRNA means“small interfering RNA” which are also commonly referred to as “shortinterfering RNA” or alternatively as “silencing RNA”.

Details of the process used to produce targeting constructs in Nicotianasylvestris were as follows (this process applies to designing targetingconstructs for any plant): Target gene mRNAs were run through the RNAxsprogram using standard settings.

-   -   The top 20-25 hits (lowest “worst rank”) were mapped to the        original mRNA sequence        -   When available, homologous mRNA sequences from other N.            sylvetris (or Solanacea spp. or Arabidopsis thaliana) were            also run through RNAxs and have their highest 20-25 hits            mapped.        -   The homologues were then aligned to compare the regions of            highest effective siRNA target concentration.        -   For the present technology, regions with numerous “good”            targets that also have perfect (or at most 2 mismatches in a            stretch of 21nt) sequence identity to the N. sylvetris            sequence were sought.        -   N. sylvetris was used as the reference sequence for all            targets, therefore the whole construct had perfect sequence            identity to N. sylvestris.    -   Regions of effective targets were cut from the original mRNA        sequence to make smaller target regions of various lengths        (21-120 nt). The 18-24nt regions can be used directly as siRNA        constructs (which have both RNAi inducer and targeting construct        activity). Otherwise, the process to build longer, multi-gene        targeting constructs is as follows:        -   Sequences complementary to the most accessible mRNA regions            were pulled out were trimmed to remove intervening sequences            where no effective siRNAs are predicted.        -   Multiple trimmed segments were joined together to make an            approx. 120nt targeting cluster that consist of 10s of            predicted high-effectiveness siRNAs targeting a gene of            interest.

Other considerations included that the target sites should not coversplice junctions or start or stop codons and should avoid sites ofsingle nucleotide polymorphisms between sequenced transcript variants.

Longer RNAi payloads require RNAi inducer elements to induce theprocessing of the payload into siRNAs. These mostly involve theproduction of a dsRNA region in the RNAi payload.

Synthesis: For using siRNAs directly as RNAi payloads the selectedsiRNAs were synthesized chemically. A 5′ phosphate was added to theguide strand of the siRNA.

Longer RNAi payloads are transcribed from DNA, either in vitro, inplantae, or in another organism such as Escherichia coli. The DNAsequences encoding longer RNAi payloads may also be synthesized orproduced using standard cloning techniques and PCR, or a combination ofboth.

DNA production: The selected DNA encoding the RNAi payloads were clonedusing standard cloning techniques, in, for example, but not limited to areplication system in E. coli, using vectors that comprise, for example,but are not limited to, pBR322, pUC series, M13 mp series, pACYC184,etc., and pCAMBIA 1201. The DNA sequence was inserted into the vector ata suitable restriction site. The resulting plasmid was used fortransformation into E. coli. The E. coli cells were cultivated in asuitable nutrient medium, then harvested, lysed and optionallylyophilyze and used directly, or the plasmid was recovered and used assuch, or the specific sequence and the promoter and the transcriptionstop were recovered and used.

There are a wide number of promoters that can be employed, includingconstitutive inducible, and tissue or temporally specific promoters.Plant promoters include but are not limited to ribulose-1,6-bisphosphate(RUBP) carboxylase small subunit (ssu), beta-conglycinin promoter,beta-phaseolin promoter, ADH promoter, heat-shock promoters, theenhanced Ca MV 35S promoter and tissue specific promoters.

Transcription stops include but are not limited to nopaline synthase(NOS) gene transcription stop, the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35Sgene transcription stop, and the Rubisco small subunit (SSU) genetranscription stop.

Those skilled in the art will be aware of additional promoter sequencesand terminator sequences suitable for use in performing the invention.Such sequences may readily be used without any undue experimentation.

Embodiments of the present invention are taught herein where it isdesirable to have more than one terminator. Examples of such areembodiments are where the sense and antisense sequences are to becontained on separate transcripts (i.e. each having its own 3′ and 5′end).

Delivery: The RNAi payloads are delivered to the weed as a formulationby spraying, irrigating, injecting, or abrading a seedling, a sapling, amature plant, a reproducing plant or a senescing plant. Both the stemand the petiole will be injected. Leaves will be specifically targetedin addition to delivering the formulation to the entire plant. Seedswill also treated by dipping or imbibition. Roots will be treated byirrigation.

In addition to the RNAi payload, accessory targeting constructs, andhelper genes, the formulations include any or all of a liquid carrier, asurfactant, a binder and tackifier, a thickener, a colourant, aspreader, an antifreezing agent, a sticker, an anticaking agent, astabilizer, a disintegrator, an emulsifier, a synergistic compound, anabrasive, an emulsifier, a penetrating agent and a preservative.

The liquid carrier includes, for example, alcohols including monohydricalcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol andthe like and polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, diethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, poly(ethylene glycol),poly(propylene glycol), glycerol and the like; polyhydric alcohol-basedcompounds such as propylene glycol ether and the like; ketones such asacetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone,cyclohexanone and the like; ethers such as ethyl ether, dioxane,ethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, dipropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and thelike; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as normal paraffins, naphthenes,isoparaffins, kerosenes, minerals oil and the like; aromatichydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, solvent naphtha,alkylnaphthalenes and the like; halogenated hydrocarbons such asdichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and the like; esterssuch as ethyl acetate, diisopropyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dioctylphthalate, dimethyl adipate and the like; lactones such asgamma-butyrolactone and the like; amides such as dimethylformamide,diethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-alkylpyrrolidinone and the like;nitriles such as acetonitrile and the like; sulfur compounds such asdimethyl sulfoxide and the like; vegetable oils such as soybean oil,rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, castor oil and the like; water; and so on.These can be used singly or can be used as a combination of two kinds ormore.

The penetrating agents include dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), Azone(1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one or laurocapran), N-methyl-2-pyrolidone,glycols (diethylene glycol and tetraethyleneglycol), fatty acids (lauricacid, myristic acid, oleic acid and capric acid), terpenes such as theessential oils of eucalyptus, chenopodium and ylang-ylang,sesquiterpenes, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and L-menthol.

The surfactant includes, for example, nonionic surfactants such assorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters,sucrose fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters,polyoxyethylene resinate esters, polyoxyethylene fatty acid diesters,polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers,polyoxyethylene dialkyl phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenylether-formalin condensate products, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneblock copolymers, alkyl polyoxyethylene-polypropylene block polymerethers, polyoxyethylenealkylamines, polyoxyethylene fatty acid amides,polyoxyethylene fatty acid bisphenyl ethers, polyalkylene benzyl phenylethers, polyoxyalkylene styrylphenyl ethers, acetylene diols,polyoxyalkylene-added acetylene diols, polyoxyethylene ether-typesilicones, ester-type silicones, fluorine surfactants, polyoxyethylenecastor oils, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene castor oils and the like;anionic surfactants such as alkyl sulfate salts, polyoxyethylene alkylether sulfate salts, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether sulfate salts,polyoxyethylene styryl phenyl ether sulfate salts, alkylbenzenesulfonatesalts, lignin sulfonate salts, alkylsulfosuccinate salts,naphthalenesulfonate salts, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate salts, salts offormalin condensate products of naphthalene sulfonic acid, salts offormalin condensate products of alkylnaphthalene sulfonic acid, fattyacid salts, polycarboxylate salts, N-methyl-fatty acid sarcosinate,resinates, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate salts, polyoxyethylenealkyl phenyl ether phosphate salts and the like; cationic surfactantssuch as laurylamine hydrochloride salts, stearylamine hydrochloridesalts, oleylamine hydrochloride salts, stearylamine acetate salts,stearylaminopropylamine acetate salts, alkylamine salts includingalkyltrimethylammonium chloride and alkyldimethylbenzalkonium chlorideand the like; ampholytic surfactants such as amino acid type- or betainetype-surfactants and the like; and so on. These surfactants can be usedsingly or can be used as a combination of two kinds or more.

The binder and tackifier include, for example, carboxymethylcelluloseand a salt thereof, dextrin, water-soluble starch, xanthan gum, guargum, sucrose, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol),polyvinyl acetate), sodium polyacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) with anaverage molecular weight of 6000 to 20000, polyethylene oxide with anaverage molecular weight of 100000 to 5000000, phospholipid (forexample, cephalin, lecithin and the like) and so on.

The thickener includes, for example, water-soluble polymers such asxanthan gum, guar gum, carboxymethylcellulose, poly(vinylpyrrolidone),carboxyvinyl polymers, acrylic polymers, starch-based compounds andpolysaccharides; inorganic fine powders such as high-purity bentoniteand fumed silica (white carbon); and the like.

The colourant includes, for example, inorganic pigments such as ironoxide, titanium oxide, and Prussian blue; organic dyes such as analizarin dye, azo dye, and metal phthalocyanine dye; and the like.

The spreader includes, for example, silicone-based surfactants,cellulose powders, dextrin, modified starch, a polyaminocarboxylic acidchelate compound, crosslinked poly(vinylpyrrolidone), a copolymer ofmaleic acid with a styrene compound, a (meth)acrylic acid copolymer, ahalf ester of a polymer composed of polyhydric alcohol with dicarboxylicanhydride, a water-soluble salt of polystyrenesulfonic acid and thelike.

The sticker includes, for example, paraffin, terpene, a polyamide resin,polyacrylate, polyoxyethylene, wax, polyvinyl alkyl ether, analkylphenol-formalin condensate product, a synthetic resin emulsion andthe like.

The antifreezing agent includes, for example, polyhydric alcohols suchas ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol andthe like, and so on.

The anticaking agent includes, for example, polysaccharides such asstarch, alginic acid, mannose, galactose and the like;poly(vinylpyrrolidone), fumed silica (white carbon), ester gum, apetroleum resin and the like.

The disintegrator includes, for example, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodiumhexametaphosphate, metal stearates, a cellulose powder, dextrin, amethacrylate copolymer, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), a polyaminocarboxylicacid chelate compound, a sulfonated styrene-isobutylene-maleic anhydridecopolymer, a starch-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer and the like.

The stabilizer includes, for example, desiccants such as zeolite,calcined lime, magnesium oxide and the like; antioxidants such as phenolcompounds, amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphoric acid compoundsand the like; ultraviolet absorbers such as salicylic acid compounds,benzophenone compounds and the like; and so on.

The preservative includes, for example, potassium sorbate,1,2-benzthiazolin-3-one and the like.

The abrasives include carborundum, silica, calcium oxalate, microbeads,nanobeads, nanoparticles and the like.

In a number of cases it is advantageous to add emulsifiers to theformulation. A first preferred group of emulsifiers encompassesnon-ionic surfactants such as, for example: products of the addition of2 to 30 mol ethylene oxide and/or 0 to 5 mol propylene oxide onto linearor branched, saturated or unsaturated C. sub.8-22 fatty alcohols, ontoC. sub.12-22 fatty acids and onto alkyl phenols containing 8 to 15carbon atoms in the alkyl group; C. sub.12/18 fatty acid monoesters anddiesters of addition products of 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide ontoglycerol; glycerol mono- and diesters and sorbitan mono- and diesters ofsaturated and unsaturated fatty acids containing 6 to 22 carbon atomsand ethylene oxide addition products thereof; addition products of 15 to60 mol ethylene oxide onto castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil;polyol esters and, in particular, polyglycerol esters such as, forexample, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, polyglycerolpoly-12-hydroxystearate or polyglycerol dimerate isostearate. Mixturesof compounds from several of these classes are also suitable; additionproducts of 2 to 15 mol ethylene oxide onto castor oil and/orhydrogenated castor oil and/or other vegetable oils; partial estersbased on linear, branched, unsaturated or saturated C. sub.6/22 fattyacids, ricinoleic acid and 12-hydroxystearic acid and glycerol,polyglycerol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, sugar alcohols (forexample sorbitol), alkyl glucosides (for example methyl glucoside, butylglucoside, lauryl glucoside) and polyglucosides (for example cellulose);mono-, di and trialkyl phosphates and mono-, di- and/or tri-PEG-alkylphosphates and salts thereof; wool wax alcohols; polysiloxane/polyalkylpolyether copolymers and corresponding derivatives; mixed esters ofpentaerythritol, fatty acids, citric acid and fatty alcohol and/or mixedesters of C. sub.6-22 fatty acids, methyl glucose and polyols,preferably glycerol or polyglycerol, polyalkylene glycols and alkyl andglycerol carbonates.

The formulation may be prepared as a mixture with components other thanthose listed above, such as, for example, another herbicide, a plantgrowth regulator, a fertilizer and the like. It is proposed that theseadjuvants would increase the efficacy of the treatment or would have asynergistic effect.

When the aforementioned additional ingredient is contained in theformulation, a content thereof is selected in the range of, on a massbasis, usually 5 to 95% or, preferably, 20 to 90% as a carrier, usually0.1 to 30% or, preferably, 0.5 to 10% as a surfactant, and 0.1 to 30%or, preferably, 0.5 to 10% as other additional ingredients.

The formulation can be employed as prepared in any desired formulationsincluding liquid formulations, emulsifiable concentrates, wettablepowders, dust formulations, oil solutions, water dispersible granules,flowable, emulsion waters, granules, jumbo formulations,suspended-emulsions, microcapsules and others.

FIG. 1 shows a DPC targeting construct for photobleaching-based death inmultiple species in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.Ath=Arabidopsis thaliana, Nto=Nicotiana tobacum, Bra =Brassica napus,Zma=Zea mays, Mtr=Medicago truncatula.

FIG. 2 shows an apoptosis targeting construct for Brassica rapa inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology. Inserted into vectorfor E. coli production or transcribed in vitro. Resultant dsRNA isapplied to plants.

FIG. 3 shows an apoptosis targeting construct 2, for N. sylvetris inaccordance with an embodiment of the technology. sgP=subgenomicpromoter. Cloned into RNA2-MCS vectors or co-expressed with TRVreplicase.

FIG. 4 shows an apoptosis targeting construct 3, for N. sylvetris insideTRV RNA2 in accordance with an embodiment of the technology. RNA appliedto plants along with TRV RNA1.

FIG. 5 shows a T7-driven helper construct in accordance with anembodiment of the technology. RNA added directly to plants, or clonedinto RNA2-MCS or RNA1-MCS vectors.

FIG. 6 shows an empty VIGS-based vector to produce coated RNAI and 2based RNAi inducers in E. coli in accordance with an embodiment of thetechnology. Targeting constructs such as FIG. 3 are cloned into the MCScontained in RNA2, usually with flanking subgenomic promoters.

FIG. 7 shows an empty VIGS-based vector to produce coated RNAI and 2based RNAi inducers in accordance with an embodiment of the technology.Targeting constructs such as FIG. 3 are cloned into the MCS contained inRNA2, usually with flanking subgenomic promoters.

FIG. 8 shows an empty VIGS-based vector to produce coated RNAI and 2based RNAi inducers in yeast in accordance with an embodiment of thetechnology. A targeting construct is cloned into the MCS contained inRNA2, usually with flanking subgenomic promoters.

FIG. 9 shows an empty VIGS-based vector to produce naked TRV RNAI andRNA2 based RNAi inducers in accordance with an embodiment of thetechnology. Functional in E. coli with T7 Polymerase and for in vitroproduction. Ribozymes cleave the RNA into separate strands.

FIG. 10 shows a generic model of a DNA construct for an RNAi herbicide.The core of the herbicide is the targeting construct, tuned to affectone or a few plant species. RNAi inducer elements are either insertedinto the targeting sequence (introns to make hairpins, direct orinverted repeats withlwithout base pairing mismatches), or are insertedaround the targeting construct (subgenomic, viral, or endogenous RdRPpromoters). This is all driven by either single or flanking promotersfor RNA production in the chosen production species, and a circular orlinear backbone for maintaining the construct in the production species.

FIG. 11 shows a construct for producing an RNAi herbicide in E. coli,without a target construct. In bacteria the TRV coat protein istranscribed and translated. Targeting constructs are inserted into theMCS. The TRV RNAI fragments facilitate coating of the RNA. In targetplants this RNA is transcribed to produce viral replicase, whichproduces dsRNA from the entire RNA. This induces the RNAi response.

Treatment: By way of example, suitable exemplary treatments are outlinedas follows:

EXAMPLE 1

SEQ ID NO: 3 will be used to treat Medicago truncatula seeds byimbibition. This sequence targets the gene for the CHLI subunit ofmagnesium chelatase (SULFUR gene). Seeds will be imbibed in a solutioncontaining SEQ ID NO: 3 and siRNA targeting AG06. The results will showthat the seedlings, and more specifically, the cotyledons will bechlorotic in comparison to the controls.

EXAMPLE 2

SEQ ID NO: 1 will be used to treat Arabidopsis thaliana plants, byabrading the leaves and delivering a solution of SEQ ID NO: 1, asurfactant, and siRNA targeting AG06. This sequence targets the Actin 2gene. The results will show that the leaves senesce more rapidly thanthose of the controls.

EXAMPLE 3

SEQ ID NO: 1 will be used to treat Arabidopsis thaliana plants, byabrading the leaves and applying a solution of SEQ ID NO: 1 and asurfactant. This sequence targets the Actin 2 gene. The results willshow that the leaves senesce more rapidly than those of the controls.

EXAMPLE 4

SEQ ID NO: 2 will be used to treat Arabidopsis thaliana plants, byspraying the leaves with a solution of SEQ ID NO: 2, an abrasive and asurfactant. This sequence targets the Actin 2 gene. The results willshow that the leaves senesce more rapidly than those of the controls.

EXAMPLE 5

SEQ ID NO: 4 will be used to treat Medicago truncatula plants, byinjecting the stem or petiole with a solution of SEQ ID NO: 2,2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) DMSO and siRNA targeting AG06.SEQ ID NO: 4 targets the gene for the CHLI subunit of magnesiumchelatase. The results will show that the leaves become chlorotic morerapidly and to a greater extent than those of the controls. Similarly,the leaves will become chlorotic more rapidly and to a greater extentthan those treated with the formulation of Example 1. Without beingbound to theory, it is expected that there is a synergistic effectcaused by the combination of the siRNA and the 2,4-D.

EXAMPLE 6

SEQ ID NO: 2 will be used to treat Physcomitrella patens, by sprayingthe moss with a solution of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a surfactant. SEQ ID NO: 4targets the Actin 2 gene. The results will show that the moss senescesmore rapidly than those of the controls.

EXAMPLE 7

SEQ ID NO: 5 will be used to treat Medicago truncatula plants byirrigating the roots with a solution of SEQ ID NO: 5. SEQ ID NO: 5targets the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. The results will show that theplants senesce more rapidly than the controls.

EXAMPLE 8

SEQ ID NO: 8 will be used to treat Arabidopsis thaliana seeds by coatingthe seeds prior to imbibition. The formulation will include a stickersuch as a terpene or wax or a tackifier such as xanthan gum. SEQ ID NO:8 targets the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. The results will show that theseedlings senesce, whereas the controls do not.

EXAMPLE 9

Other sequences will be synthesized and tested. The following functionsand genes will be targeted:

Regulating water content (Lock stomata open or closed)

Targets: Effectors that open stomata, Regulators of effectors thatopenlclose stomata.

Gene: ABI1 (AT4G26080) (component of negative feedback loop in abscisicacid (ABA) signalling).

Result: Without being bound to theory, stomata stay closed contributingto the overall damage to the plant and forcing it to retain water.

EXAMPLE 10

Deregulate starch breakdown

Targets: Starch synthesis genes and Repressors of starch breakdown genes(repressors of amylases).

Gene: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (At5g48300).

Result: Without being bound to theory, increased concentration of simplesugars which will affect the energy state of the plant, alter thedirection and volume of phloem transport, and make it more accessible tosaprotrophs and other organisms.

EXAMPLE 11

Gene targets that will limit the effectiveness of the RNAi cascade.

Targets: DCLs, AGOs, other RISC components etc.

Gene: AGO6 (AT2G32940)

Result: Without being bound to theory, a subset of sRNA processing isablated altering regulation across the plant and increasing the relativenumber of available intracellular RISC components.

EXAMPLE 12

Limit ability of plasmodesmata to close (lock them open via an effectoror an element from a component of the blue light response pathway).

Targets: Effectors that close plasmodesmata, or repressors of effectorsthat open plasmodesmata

Gene: Cadmium-ion induced glycine rich protein cdiG RP homologues, aneffector that closes plasmodesmata.

Result: Without being bound to theory, plasmodesmata will tend to beopen thus maximizing the ability of the RNAi cascade to spread throughthe plant.

EXAMPLE 13

Deregulate cell wall modifying enzymes

Targets: Repressors of cell wall modifying enzymes—specifically enzymesthat break down main, load bearing and protective components of the cellwall (expansins, cellulases, proteases, glycoside hydrolases etc.).Gene: DREB binding factor homologues: an effector that negativelyregulates leaf elongation.

Result: Without being bound to theory, in addition to contributing tothe overall damage (lethality) to the plant, this will also make theplant matter easier to degrade by saprotrophs and other organisms.

EXAMPLE 15

SEQ ID No. 13 is cloned into SEQ ID No. 28. DNA is grown in E. coli andthen purified. Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica rapa, Medicago truncatula,Zea mays, and Nicotiana leaves are treated with the resultant DNA. Inall plants the result will be death through loss of chlorophyllproduction and chlorophyll degradation (photobleaching).

EXAMPLE 16

SEQ ID No. 14 is cloned in between T7 promoters in a standard vector.DNA is grown in E. coli expressing T7 polymerase or transcribed invitro. The resulting dsRNA is purified and applied directly to Brassicarapa subsp. pekinensis. Treated plants will undergo systemicallyspreading hypersensitive-response like cell death.

EXAMPLE 17

SEQ ID No. 15 DNA is cloned into the MCS of the T7-RNA2-MCS inducer asshown in sequence ID No 26. The resultant DNA along with the T7-RNA1inducer are transcribed in vitro. The resulting naked RNAs are applieddirectly to Nicotiana sylvestris. Viral replicase increases the amountof RNAi inducer and targeting construct present. Viral coat proteins andmovement proteins initiate the systemic spread of the targetingconstruct before the RNAi response begins. Treated plants die fromnecroticlHR-like lesions.

EXAMPLE 18

T7 promoter driven RNA2 containing Seq ID NO 15 flanked by sgPs and T7promoter driven RNAI are prepared and used on Nicotiana sylvestris asabove. The subgenomic promoter sequences flanking the targetingconstruct cause it to be replicated by itself, further increasing theamount of targeting construct present before the RNAi response.

EXAMPLE 19

A targeting construct flanked with sgPs is cloned into the MCS in FIG.7. The resulting DNA is then cloned into a standard vector and grown inE. coli. Transcription results in production of coat protein mRNA andRNAI containing a targeting construct. Translation of the coat proteinin E. coli results in monomers that recognise elements of the TRV RNAIsequences, coating the entire RNA. This adds stability and increasesease of transmission to target plants. Once inside the target plant,replicase is produced from the TRV RNAI fragment, replicating the entirefragment as well as producing dsRNA of the targeting construct.

EXAMPLE 20

SEQ ID No. 13 is flanked by subgenomic promoters and cloned into theTRV1 RNAI fragment MCS of an RNAi inducer construct. Treatment of theabove plants with the RNA produced will result in photobleaching ofchloroplasts and resultant plant death through energy starvation.

EXAMPLE 21

SEQ ID No. 14 is cloned in original and inverted orientation into anRNAi

GG vector. This results in a hairpin with the two sequences separated byan intron. Treatment of plants with this DNA vector produces the hairpinRNA which is processed into siRNAs targeting the 5 endogenous genes.Treated plants die from spreading necrotic lesions as runaway apoptosisis initiated.

EXAMPLE 22

SEQ ID No. 15 was cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID 18. The resulting DNA isdelivered directly to plants along with a helper construct encoding areplicase (SEQ ID No. 17) Endogenous promoters transcribe the initialRNA, replicase is translated, and the construct RNA is replicated.Treated Nicotiana sylvestris die from runaway HR-associated apoptoticcell death.

EXAMPLE 23

SEQ ID No. 16 was cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID 18. The resulting DNA isdelivered directly to plants along with a helper construct encoding areplicase (SEQ ID No. 17) Endogenous promoters transcribe the initialRNA, replicase is translated, and the construct RNA is replicated.Treated Nicotiana sylvestris die from runaway HR-associated apoptoticcell death.

EXAMPLE 24

SEQ ID No. 17 is a helper construct. Plants are treated with this helperconstruct DNA (linear or in a vector) in addition to a RNA2-MCS RNAiinducer containing a targeting construct (SEQ ID No. 13). Treated plantsundergo photobleaching and death through energy starvation. SEQ id 17contains elements such as replicase to produce dsRNA in plant cells.

EXAMPLE 25

SEQ ID No. 18 is used to clone targeting construct (SEQ ID No. 16)directly. The resulting DNA is delivered directly to plants along with ahelper construct encoding a replicase (SEQ ID No. 17) Endogenouspromoters transcribe the initial RNA, replicase is translated, and theconstruct RNA is replicated. Treated Nicotiana sylvestris die fromrunaway HR-associated apoptotic cell death.

EXAMPLE 26

SEQ ID No. 19 and SEQ ID No. 23 are transcribed in vitro (this DNA isused to produce TRV RNAI RNA in E. coli or in vitro). The resulting RNAsare delivered directly to plants with carborundum abrasive. Treatedplants die from runaway HR like apoptotic cell death.

EXAMPLE 27

SEQ ID No. 20 is co-transformed into E. coli containing inducible T7polymerase along with a plasmid containing a targeting construct flankedwith RNAI or 2 3′ and 5′ sequences and driven by T7 promoter (SEQ ID No.21 containing SEQ ID No. 16 in the MCS). Upon induction the coat proteinis translated and coats the two RNAs when they are transcribed. Theresulting coated RNAs are delivered directly to plants. Treated plantsexhibit a runaway HR-like apoptotic cell death phenotype.

EXAMPLE 28

SEQ ID 16 is cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID No. 21. The product thereofis co-transformed into E. coli containing inducible T7 polymerase alongwith SEQ ID No. 20. Upon induction the coat protein is translated andcoats the two RNAs when they are transcribed. The resulting coated RNAsare delivered directly to plants. Treated plants exhibit a runawayHR-like apoptotic cell death phenotype.

EXAMPLE 29

SEQ ID No. 22 and SEQ ID 20 are transcribed in vitro using the T7polymerase system. Coat protein from SEQ ID No. 20 isn't produced. Thetwo RNAs that are produced are applied directly to N. sylvestris.Treated plants die from runaway HR like necrotic cell death.

EXAMPLE 30

SEQ ID No. 23 and SEQ ID No. 20 are transcribed in vitro. Coat proteinis not produced in vitro. Plants treated with the two RNAs die fromrunaway HR like necrotic cell death. The addition of the subgenomicpromoter increases the amount of RNA produced in plant cells. Thisstrengthens the RNAi signal.

EXAMPLE 31

SEQ ID No. 15 is cloned into SEQ ID No. 24. The resultant sequence andSEQ ID 20 are transcribed in vitro. Coat protein is not produced invitro. Plants treated with the two RNAs die from runaway HR likenecrotic cell death. The addition of flanking subgenomic promotersresults in the production of dsRNA of just the targeting constructregion in addition to replication of the entire RNA. This strengthensthe RNAi signal.

EXAMPLE 32

SEQ ID No. 26 along with RNA produced from SEQ ID No. 23 is delivereddirectly to N. sylvetris with carborundum abrasive. Treated plants diefrom runaway HR like apoptotic cell death.

EXAMPLE 33

SEQ ID No. 27 is cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID No. 24. The resultantsequence and SEQ ID No. 20 are transcribed in vitro. Coat protein is notproduced in vitro. Plants treated with the two RNAs die from runaway HRlike necrotic cell death. The addition of flanking subgenomic promotersresults in the production of dsRNA of just the targeting constructregion in addition to replication of the entire RNA. This strengthensthe RNAi signal.

EXAMPLE 34

SEQ ID No. 15 is cloned into SEQ ID No. 28 using Bsal sites. Plantstreated with the resultant DNA transcribe a large hairpin RNA from it.This is processed into siRNAs that induce runaway HR like necrotic celldeath.

EXAMPLE 35

SEQ ID No. 29 is used to treat plants. Plants treated with this DNAtranscribe a large hairpin RNA from it. This is processed into siRNAsthat induce runaway HR like necrotic cell death.

EXAMPLE 36

SEQ ID No. 30 will be used to drive transcription of RNAi herbicidecomponents in eukaryotic platforms.

EXAMPLE 37

SEQ ID No. 31 will be used in conjunction with full length TRV derivedRNAs or RNA flanked with TRV RNA 3′ and 5′ ends. The protein producedcoats such RNAs, protecting them and increasing the likelihood of themreaching plant tissues.

EXAMPLE 38

SEQ ID No. 32 will be used in conjunction with full length TRV derivedRNAs or RNA flanked with TRV RNA 3′ and 5′ ends. The protein producedcoats such RNAs, protecting them and increasing the likelihood of themreaching plant tissues. Codon optimization has been used to create asequence for optimal translation in E. coli.

EXAMPLE 39

SEQ ID No. 33 will be used in helper constructs. The protein producedsuppresses RNAi temporarily in planta. This allows initial RNA elementstime to replicate and reach a higher concentration before beingprocessed by RNAi machinery.

EXAMPLE 40

SEQ ID No. 34 will be incorporated in a plant expressible helperconstruct and DNA or RNA delivered directly to plants. It will lessenand slow the spread of the RNAi cascade.

EXAMPLE 41

SEQ ID No. 35 will be incorporated into a plant-expressible helperconstruct and DNA or RNA applied directly to plant. It will aid in thespread of RNAs before RNAi is activated.

EXAMPLE 42

SEQ ID No. 36 will be used to find homologues in other species. It isalso a target gene used to build target constructs. Knockdown of thisgene will result in autophagy.

EXAMPLE 43

SEQ ID No. 37 will be used to find homologues in other species. It isalso a target gene used to build target constructs. Knockdown of thisgene will cause apoptosis.

EXAMPLE 44

SEQ ID No. 38 will cause apoptosis. It is a target gene used to buildtarget constructs. It will also be used to find homologues in otherspecies.

EXAMPLE 45

SEQ ID No. 39 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 46

SEQ ID No. 40 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 47

SEQ ID No. 41 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 48

SEQ ID No. 42 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 49

SEQ ID No. 43 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 50

SEQ ID No. 44 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 51

SEQ ID No. 45 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 52

SEQ ID No. 46 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 53

SEQ ID No. 47 It is a target gene used to build target constructs. Itwill also be used to find homologues in other species.

EXAMPLE 54

Nicotiana sylvestris was chosen as the target weed. Medicago truncatulawas chosen as the non-target plant. The sequences for both species arepublically available. Genes from the target list that act as negativeregulators of apoptosis were selected and the Nicotiana sylvestrishomologues were run through RNAxs. The most accessible sequence regionswere compared to homologous stretches of Medicago truncatula genes toconfirm divergence. Suitable sequences were incorporated into SEQ IDNo.15. This construct was then cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID No. 21 inan E. coli backbone (pUC57). SEQ ID No. 20 was also cloned into the E.coli backbone. E. coli containing inducible T7 polymerase wastransformed with this construct. Transformed E. coli were grown up, spundown, lysed, and the lysate rubbed onto plants with carborundum. Thelysate contains RNA1 and 2 from TRV, with the targeting construct insidethe MCS of RNA2. These RNAs are coated with viral coat protein. Treatedplants undergo spreading apoptotic cell death similar to a runawayhypersensitive response. Without being bound to theory, this is becausereplicase is produced from the TRV RNA1, which replicates both RNAs.This increases RNA concentration. Viral movement proteins aid in thespread of intact RNAs. Eventually the dsRNA replication intermediariesare recognized by RISC machinery and processed into siRNAs. The siRNAsproduced from the targeting construct induce the knock-down of AtgS,Catl, Jazh, MC2, and Beclinl. This tips the plant cell's regulatorymachinery toward hypersensitive response. siRNAS produced from thetargeting construct, as well as phased siRNAs produced from RdRPreplication of target mRNAs by RISC machinery, are transportedthroughout the plant, spreading the phenotype. Treating Medicagotruncatula did not affect the plant because processing of the targetingconstruct does not result in siRNAs targeting endogenous genes.

EXAMPLE 55

SEQ ID No. 13 is a target construct generated as follows: The CHLI1 genein Arabidopsis was used to find homologues in Brassica rapa, Medicagotruncatula, Zea mays, and Nicotiana tobacum. These sequences weresearched for regions accessible by RISC machinery using RNAxs. The bestregions from each homologue were incorporated into the target construct.This construct was then cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID No. 21 in an E.coli backbone (pUC57). SEQ ID No. 20 was also cloned into the E. colibackbone. E. coli containing inducible T7 polymerase was transformedwith this construct. Transformed E. coli were grown up, spun down,lysed, and the lysate rubbed onto plants with carborundum. The lysatecontains RNA1 and 2 from TRV, with the target construct inside the MCSof RNA2. These RNAs are coated with viral coat protein. Replicase isproduced from the TRV RNA1, which replicates both RNAs. Without beingbound to theory, this increases RNA concentration. Viral movementproteins aid in the spread of intact RNAs. Eventually the dsRNAreplication intermediaries are recognizes by RISC machinery andprocessed into siRNAs. The siRNAs produced from the targeting constructinduce the knock-down of CHLI1. Plant growth is retarded, sometimesfatally, as damaged photosystems are not repaired. Off target plants areunaffected.

EXAMPLE 56

A helper construct is constructed from SEQ IDs 33, 34 and 35. Sequencesare driven by the T7 promoter producing polycistronic RNA. IRES elementsare used to ensure translation in plant tissues. This is inserted intothe MCS of SEQ ID No. 18. This along with SEQ ID No. 22 is transcribedin vitro. The resulting RNAs are applied directly to plants. Treatedplants exhibit runaway HR-like apoptotic cell death. The 30kda movementprotein and the HCpro proteins aid in the movement of the unprocessedRNAs. The P19 protein suppresses the RNAi response until the RNAs havemoved further from the application site.

EXAMPLE 57

A targeting construct was designed to induce senescence in Nicotianasylvestris. Genes from the senescence gene list were used to identifyhomologues of

APG-9, ATG 2, SRI, and APG7 in N. sylvestris. These were run throughRNAxs to identify RISC accessible regions. Sequences complementary tothe most accessible regions were strung together to make the targetingconstruct RNA. DNA encoding this RNA is cloned into the MCS of SEQ IDNo. 18. This and SEQ ID No. 17 are cloned into a binary vectormaintained in plants and E. coli. The resulting construct is replicatedand purified from E. coli, and the DNA applied directly to plants. Inthe plant the DNA is transcribed. The resultant RNAs are directlyreplicated after replicase is translated from RNAI. Treated plantsundergo spreading senescence which eventually overwhelms them. Assenescence takes a while to develop after induction, the signal has timeto spread through the plant.

EXAMPLE 58

A targeting construct was designed to starve cells of amino acids. Genesfrom the starvation list were used to identify homologues of HDH,AthMee2, and ICDH in N. sylvestris. These were run through RNAxs toidentify RISC accessible regions. Sequences complementary to the mostaccessible regions were strung together to make the targeting constructRNA. DNA encoding this RNA is cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID No. 18. Thisand SEQ ID No. 17 are cloned into a binary vector maintained in plantsand E. coli. The resulting construct is replicated and purified from E.coli, and the DNA delivered directly to plants. In the plant the DNA istranscribed. The resultant RNAs are directly replicated after replicaseis translated from RNA1. Processing of these RNAs by RISC machineryleads to loss of production of a number of amino acids. Plants die dueto being unable to replace degraded or damaged proteins.

EXAMPLE 59

SEQ ID No. 48 is a target construct generated as follows: TheArabidopsis PDS gene was used to find the homologue in Nicotianasylvestris. These sequences were searched for regions accessible by RISCmachinery using RNAxs. The best regions containing no perfect matches toMedicago truncatula were incorporated into the target construct. DNAencoding this RNA is cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID 18. This and SEQ IDNo. 17 are cloned into a binary vector maintained in plants and E. coli.The resulting construct is replicated and purified from E. coli and theDNA applied directly to plants. In the plant the DNA is transcribed. Theresultant RNAs are directly replicated after replicase is translatedfrom RNA1. Processing of the targeting construct results in siRNAs thatknock down Phytoene desaturase. Plants turn white and plant growth isretarded, sometimes fatally, as damaged photosystems are not repaired.Off target plants such as Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana andBeta vulgaris are unaffected.

EXAMPLE 60

SEQ ID No. 49 is DNA containing TRV RNA2 loaded with the Nicotianasylvestris anti-PDS targeting construct. This, along with SEQ ID No. 19are used to produce RNAs in Vitro with T7 polymerase. The resulting RNAsare applied directly to plants. The RNAs are directly replicated afterreplicase is translated from RNA1. Processing of the targeting constructresults in siRNAs that knock down Phytoene desaturase. Plants turn whiteand plant growth is retarded, sometimes fatally, as damaged photosystemsare not repaired. Off target plants such as Medicago truncatula,Arabidopsis thaliana and Beta vulgaris are unaffected.

EXAMPLE 61

SEQ ID No. 32 is used in conjunction with full length TRV derived RNAsor RNA flanked with TRV RNA 3′ and 5′ ends. The protein produced coatssuch RNAs, protecting them and increasing the likelihood of themreaching plant tissues. Codon optimization has been used to create asequence for optimal translation in E. coli.

EXAMPLE 62

-   -   The generalized steps for controlling a weed species are as        follows:    -   Selecting a weed plant species to be controlled;    -   Sequencing genes from the target list in the weed and in        non-target neighbor plants;    -   Designing a targeting construct complementary to accessible        regions of target genes that are divergent in off-target plants;    -   Incorporating the target construct into an effective RNAi        inducer;    -   Adding helper components as required to increase silencing        efficiency and spread;    -   Producing the DNA or RNA to apply to plants;    -   Formulating the DNA or RNA for optimum penetration into plant        tissues; and

Delivering the formulated DNA or RNA to plants.

EXAMPLE 63

SEQ ID No. 48 was examined and found to have 0 off-target perfectmatches in Medicago truncatula, Brassica napus, Arabidopsis thaliana,Beta vulgaris, Gossypium spp. and Oryza sativa.

EXAMPLE 64

An accessory targeting construct was built targeting AB1, ADP-glucosepyrophosphorylase, AG06, cdiGRP, and DREB binding factor homologues inNicotiana sylvestris. These were run through RNAxs to identify RISCaccessible regions. Sequences complementary to the most accessibleregions were strung together to make the targeting construct RNA. DNAencoding this RNA is cloned into the MCS of SEQ ID No. 19 (T7 RNA1) andapplied in conjunction with SEQ ID No. 49: (T7 driven RNA2 with Nsyl PDStargeting construct in MCS). RNA from these sequences was produced invitro using the T7 system. Treated plants turn white and plant growth isretarded, sometimes fatally, as damaged photosystems are not repaired.ABI1 knock-down will cause stomata to stay closed contributing to theoverall damage to the plant and forcing it to retain water. ADP-glucosepyrophosphorylase knock-down will cause increased concentration ofsimple sugars which will affect the energy state of the plant, alter thedirection and volume of phloem transport, and make it more accessible tosaprotrophs and other organisms. AGO6 knockdown will ablate a subset ofsmall RNA processing, freeing RISC machinery to process endogenous genetargets. cdiGRP knock-down will keep plasmodesmata open even duringconditions of stress, increasing the rate of spread of the RNAi cascade.Knock-down of homologues of DREB binding factor caused unregulated leafelongation, including increasing production of cell-wall degradingenzymes such as expansins. This contributes to the overall damage of theplant.

EXAMPLE 65

The process for creating a RNAi herbicide against a specific species isas follows.

-   -   1. Obtain sequence data for target species        -   a. Publically available,        -   b. If no sequence data is available use PCR to amplify            regions corresponding to genes in target list. Have those            PCR fragments sequenced.    -   2. Select target regions based on RNA accessibility,    -   3. Obtain sequence data for other plants in area where herbicide        will be applied

a. Use public data where available, otherwise PCR and sequence as in 1.

-   -   4. Search for target region sequences with no more than 18nt        sequential complementarity to non-target plants.        -   a. And preferably less than 18nt complementarity or none.    -   5. Assemble 2 or more (usually at least 5) target regions into a        targeting construct    -   6. Add an RNAi inducer to the targeting construct        -   a. Replicaselpromoter pairs        -   b. Secondary structure elements (bulges, single base            mismatches outside of core region, hairpins and inverted            repeats)    -   7. Chose the most appropriate RNA production method        -   a. In planta            -   i. Construct flanked with plant expression promoters                (CaMV35 for example) DNA added to plants.        -   b. In prokaryotes            -   i. Add prokaryotic promoters (one or flanking promoters)                to produce single or double stranded RNA.            -   ii. Add coating elements from virus (such as TRV) and                co-express construct with bacterially translated coat                protein.        -   c. In other eukaryotes            -   i. Same as i for prokaryotes            -   ii. Express VIGS based RNAs along with viral replicase                -   1. Results in production of coated RNAs containing                    construct        -   d. In vitro

Certain elements enhance the systemic spread of RNAi. Mismatched basepairs in the stem region of a dsRNA are a powerful way to ensure thederived siRNAs trigger RdRP activity at their targets. Mismatches at the5″ end of the siRNA are not tolerated. Moving from the 5′ to the 3′ end,mismatches become better tolerated. Using endogenous miRNA generatingsequences such as tasi-RNA as backbones also aids in systemic spread.

Without being bound to theory, there are two reasons why the processdescribed in this patent is generalizable to all known plant species.First, due to the degenerate nature of the genetic code there are manysequence level differences between species in genes that code foridentical proteins. Because RNAi requires at least 18nt of sequencecomplementarity (usually 21nt) it is relatively easy to find stretchesof RNA that are different in the target species and its neighbors. Asingle mismatch is usually sufficient to prevent knock-down inoff-target plants. Sequences with 2 or more mismatches to off-targetplants are sought to ensure knock-down does not occur. Plants candevelop resistance to a specific targeting construct through mutation.The likelihood of developing enough spontaneous mutations in all thetarget genes simultaneously however is low. Even if resistance emergesthose individuals can be sequenced and used to produce a new targetingconstruct.

Secondly, the core RISC machinery is highly conserved and RNAi iscritical for defense against virus and pathogenic sequence elements. Inorder to develop resistance to this process a plant would have to shutdown this response. Those plants would be highly susceptible to diseasepreventing them from gaining a foothold in the population.

List of potential genes of interest for use in this technology:

Essential Gene Targets

-   -   3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (EPSP synthase)        AT2G45300    -   Chalcone synthase (CHS) AT5G13930    -   Starch synthase (SSI) AT5G24300    -   Starch synthase 3 (SS3) AT1G11720    -   Cellulose synthase 1 (CESA1) AT4G32410    -   Cellulose synthase 8 (CESA8) AT4G18780    -   Histidinol dehydrogenase (HDH) AT5G63890    -   Maternal effect embryo arrest 2/Shikimate dehydrogenase        (AthMEE2) AT3G06350    -   Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) AT1G54340    -   Hydroxyl methylglutaryl coA reductase 1 (HMG1) AT1G76490    -   Pyruvate dehydrogenase El alpha subunit (PDH-E1 ALPHA) AT1G01090    -   Branched chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) AT1G10060    -   Branched chain amino acid transaminase 2 (BCAT2) AT1G10070    -   18s ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) 1005246134    -   Eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF-IB beta) AT1G30230    -   Spliceosome associated protein 130b (SAP130b) AT3G55220    -   2′ tRNA phosphotransferase (TRPT) AT2G45330    -   Phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase 1 (PAI1) AT1G07780    -   Phytoene desaturase (PDS) AT4G14210    -   Dongle (DGL) AT1G05800

Apoptosis Gene Targets

-   -   Beclin 1 (BECLIN1) AT3G61710    -   Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-I) JX481914    -   Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3KlVPS30) AT1G60490    -   Lesion simulating disease 1 (LSD1) AT4G20380    -   Accelerated cell death 1 (ACD1) AT3G44880    -   Autophagy related protein 3 (ATG3) AT5G61500    -   Autophagy related protein 7 (ATG7) AT5G45900    -   Accelerated cell death 11 (ACD11) AT2G34690    -   Catalase 1 (CAT1) HF564631.1    -   Accelerated cell death 2/Putative red chlorophyll catabolite        reductase (ACD2) EU294213.1    -   Translationally controlled tumor protein (NbTCTP) AB780363.1    -   Jasmonate ZIM domain protein h (JazH) JQ172766.1    -   Lethal leaf spot 1-like (LLS1) AF321984.1    -   Metacaspase 2 (MCS) AT4G25110

Senescence and Autophagy

-   -   Target of rapamycin (TOR) AT1G50030    -   Autophagy 9 (APG9) AT2G31260    -   Autophagy 2 (ATG2) AT3G19190    -   Autophagy 5 (ATG5) AT5G17290    -   Signal responsive 1 (SRI) AT2G22300    -   Autophagy 7 (APG7) AT5G45900    -   Senescence associated gene (SAG12) AT5G45890    -   Phytoalexin deficient (PAD4) AT3G52430    -   Constitutive expression of PR genes 5 (CPRS) AT5G64930    -   Homologue of yeast autophagy gene 18 (ATG18) AT1G03380

Helper Elements

-   -   Tobacco mosaic virus 30kDa movement protein, V01408.1    -   Papaya Ringspot virus HCpro peptide, JX448373.1    -   Tomato bushy stunt virus P19 suppressor, AJ288943.1

Inducers

-   -   pTRV2, AF406991.1    -   pRNAi-GG, JQ085427.1    -   TRV Ppk20 RNA1, AF314165.1

All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable orderunless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted bycontext. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g.,“such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate theexample embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scope of theclaimed invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in thespecification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed elementas essential.

Advantages of the exemplary embodiments described herein may be realizedand attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinationsparticularly pointed out in this written description. It is to beunderstood that the foregoing general description and the followingdetailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are notrestrictive of the claims below. While example embodiments have beendescribed in detail, the foregoing description is in all aspectsillustrative and not restrictive. It is understood that numerous othermodifications and variations can be devised without departing from thescope of the example embodiment. For example, other genes may betargeted, such as chloroplast and mitochondrial nuclear encoded genes,trafficking and translocation signal sequences, energy metabolism genes,high level regulatory sequences, regulators of cellulases and cell-wallremodelling enzymes and regulators of apoptosis.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A method of designing a species-specific geneconstruct for RNAi suppression of growth of a target plant species, themethod comprising the steps of: selecting a target gene for growthsuppression; identifying at least one target site accessible to basepairing in the target gene; identifying at least one divergent site inthe at least one target site; designing a nucleotide sequence targetingconstruct complementary to the at least one divergent site; andincorporating at least one RNAi inducer to the nucleotide sequenceconstruct, thereby designing a RNAi payload for RNAi suppression ofgrowth of the target plant species.
 27. The method of claim 26, whereinthe nucleotide sequence targeting construct is one of SEQ ID NO:13 orSEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQ ID NO:16 or homologs thereof orcombinations thereof.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the nucleotidesequence targeting construct is one of SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQ ID NO: 16 orhomologs thereof or combinations thereof.
 29. The method of claim 26,wherein the nucleotide sequence targeting construct contains a regioncomplementary to one of SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 orSEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ IDNO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18 or SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:20 or SEQ ID NO:21 orSEQ ID NO:24 or SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:67 or SEQ ID NO:68 or SEQ IDNO:69 or SEQ ID NO:70 or SEQ ID NO:71 or SEQ ID NO:72 or SEQ ID NO:73 orSEQ ID NO:73 or SEQ ID NO:74 or SEQ ID NO:75 or SEQ ID NO:76 or SEQ IDNO:77 or homologs thereof or combinations thereof.
 30. The method ofclaim 26, wherein the nucleotide sequence targeting construct contains aregion that is complementary to one of a starvation gene or a senescencegene or an apoptosis gene or an autophagy gene or a RNA-inducedsilencing complex.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the starvationgene is one of a TOR gene, an ATG5 gene, a PDS gene, a PAD4 gene, an ACD1 gene, an HDH gene, an AthMEE2 gene, an ICDH gene.
 32. The method ofclaim 30, wherein the senescence gene is one of an ATG5 gene or aBECLIN1 gene or a B1-1 gene or a CAT1 gene or a PDS gene or an ESR geneor a SAG12 gene or a PAD4 gene or a CPR5 gene or an APG9 gene or an APG2gene or an SR1 gene or an APG7 gene, or combinations thereof.
 33. Themethod of claim 30, wherein the apoptosis gene is one of a Bl-1 gene oran ACD2 gene or a LIS 1 gene or a MC2 gene or a NbTCTP gene or a LSD 1gene or an ACD 11 gene or a PAD4 gene or an ACD 1 gene or combinationsthereof.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein the autophagy gene is oneof a TOR gene or an ATG5 gene or a BECLIN1 gene or a B1-1 gene or anATG18 gene or an APG9 gene or and APG2 gene or and APG7 gene orcombinations thereof.
 35. The method of claim 26, further comprising astep of adding at least one helper nucleotide sequence to the nucleotidesequence construct.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the helpernucleotide sequence is one of SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:31 or SEQ IDNO:32 or SEQ ID NO:33 or SEQ ID NO:34 or SEQ ID NO:35 or homologsthereof or combinations thereof.
 37. The method of claim 35, wherein thehelper nucleotide sequence is a helper nucleotide sequence comprisingSEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, and SEQ ID NO:35 or a homolog thereof. 38.The method of claim 26, wherein the RNAi payload is one of SEQ ID NO:22or SEQ ID NO:23 or SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:29.
 39. Themethod of claim 26, further comprising a step of sequencing at least onegene from the target plant to select the target gene.
 40. A method ofinhibiting or impairing growth and development of a target plant, themethod comprising: selecting a target gene for growth suppression;identifying at least one target site accessible to base pairing in thetarget gene; identifying at least one divergent site in the at least onetarget site; designing a nucleotide sequence targeting constructcomplementary to the at least one divergent site; adding at least oneRNAi inducer to the nucleotide sequence construct thereby producing aRNAi payload; and delivering the RNAi payload to the target plant. 41.The method of claim 40, wherein the nucleotide sequence gene targetingconstruct is one of SEQ ID NO:13 or SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQID NO:16 or homologs thereof or combinations thereof.
 42. The method ofclaim 41, wherein the nucleotide sequence gene targeting construct isone SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQ ID NO:16 or homologs thereof or combinationsthereof.
 43. The method of claim 40, wherein the RNAi inducer is one ofSEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:5or SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ IDNO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18 orSEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:20 or SEQ ID NO:21 or SEQ ID NO:24 or SEQ IDNO:28 or SEQ ID NO:67 or SEQ ID NO:68 or SEQ ID NO:69 or SEQ ID NO:70 orSEQ ID NO:71 or SEQ ID NO:72 or SEQ ID NO:73 or SEQ ID NO:73 or SEQ IDNO:74 or SEQ ID NO:75 or SEQ ID NO:76 or SEQ ID NO:77 or homologsthereof or combinations thereof.
 44. The method of claim 40, furthercomprising adding at least one helper nucleotide sequence to thenucleotide sequence construct.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein thehelper nucleotide sequence is one of SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:31 or SEQID NO:32 or SEQ ID NO: 33 or SEQ ID NO:34 or SEQ ID NO:35 or homologsthereof or combinations thereof.
 46. The method of claim 44, wherein thehelper nucleotide sequence is a helper construct comprising SEQ IDNO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, and SEQ ID NO:35 or a homolog thereof.
 47. Themethod of claim 40, wherein the RNAi payload is one of SEQ ID NO:22 orSEQ ID NO:23 or SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:29.
 48. Themethod of claim 40, further comprising sequencing at least one gene fromthe target plant to select the target gene.
 49. A RNAi payload constructcomprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ IDNO:23, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:29 or homologs thereof.